Amy Stephens

MS, RDN, CSSD, CDCES

Licensed dietitian

specializing in sports nutrition

and eating disorders

Blog

5 TIPS TO build MUSCLE

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5 TIPS TO build MUSCLE

  • By Amy Stephens RDN CSSD
    Sports nutritionist for NYU Track & Field

Building muscle is a process that requires strategic nutritional and workout practices. Rather than focusing on losing body fat, focus on what you can do to increase muscle growth. Here are some helpful tips that can help you achieve your muscle-building goals more effectively. 

1. Eat Enough Calories

You need to be in a calorie surplus to gain muscle. This means you need to consume more calories than your body burns throughout the day. It might be helpful to pack extra snacks to fill in gaps between meals. This ensures you consistently have the energy to fuel your workouts and promote muscle growth.

2. Eat Often, Every 3-4 Hours

In order to maximize muscle growth, it’s recommended to spread out your protein intake throughout the day. According to a study by Schoenfeld (2018), aim to eat three meals and a couple of snacks each day to reach your nutrition targets. This ensures your body always has the nutrients it needs to repair and build new muscle tissue.

3. Target 20-40 grams Protein per Meal

Protein is key to muscle growth. That’s about 3-5 oz of chicken, fish, turkey, 3 eggs, 6 oz of tofu, or a serving of Greek yogurt with nuts. Use a food-first approach and incorporate protein supplements only when reaching your targeted protein amount is not feasible. Aim for .2 grams protein per pound per meal and .1 per pound for snacks.

4. Eat Carbs & Protein After Workouts

After a workout, your muscles are primed to absorb nutrients. Include 20-40 grams of high-quality protein within the first hour after a workout to improve muscle growth and recovery. Additionally, carbohydrates replenish glycogen stores, further promoting recovery and growth. Aim for a 3:1 ratio of carbs to protein.

5. Take Recovery Days

Muscle growth happens outside the gym. In order to gain muscle, your body needs time to recover and repair damaged muscle tissue. Therefore, it’s crucial to schedule recovery days into your workout regimen.

 

 

Common Questions:

To grow muscle, do I need to use pre-workout protein drink?

Pre-workout drinks can give you an energy boost because many contain caffeine however, they aren’t necessary for muscle growth. The keys to growing muslce is a consistent workout regimen, proper nutrition, and adequate rest.

When is the best time of the day to eat to build muscle?

Eat high-quality protein within one hour of finishing a workout to maximize muscle growth. Then continue to eat every 3 hours to facilitate muscle recovery and growth. Remember that protein supplements are more effective when your calorie balance is correct.

I’m a runner, should I take creatine?

The American Pediatric Association does not recommend use for individuals under 18 years old. Creatine works by converting carnosine in muscle at a faster rate, resulting in increased muscle strength. For runners, creatine can aid in short, high-intensity sprints and lifts lasting 0-30 seconds. Currently, creatine is being studied for use with endurance athletes. For more information on creatine such as dosing, click here.

What protein supplements are the best?

When food isn’t readily accessible, such as at a gym, field or track, protein supplements are a convenient option to meet protein needs. Along with a balanced diet,  protein supplements are a great way to fill in the gaps to reach protein targets. However, the “best” supplement varies based on individual needs, dietary restrictions, and preferences. Protein supplements derived from animal protein tend to be complete proteins. This means they contain all essential amino acids in which the body cannot make. Some examples are whey, casein, and egg.  A great plant-based option that are also complete proteins are soy and pea protein.

Follow @amystephensnutrition for more tips on how to effectively build muscle and improve your athletic performance.

References

Schoenfeld, B.J., Aragon, A.A. (2018). How much protein can the body use in a single meal for muscle-building? Implications for daily protein distribution. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 15, 10.

The Illusion of Perfect Eating: Why Celebrity Diets Are Unrealistic

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The Illusion of Perfect Eating: Why Celebrity Diets Are Unrealistic

  • By Amy Stephens RDN CSSD
    Sports Nutritionist NYC

In today’s age of social media, it’s nearly impossible to scroll through our feeds without encountering a celebrity-endorsed diet plan or the latest trend in healthy eating. From Hollywood stars to Instagram influencers, everyone seems eager to share their secrets to achieving the perfect body through diet. But behind the glossy facade lies a harsh truth: many of these eating plans are not only unrealistic but also potentially harmful.

It’s no secret that celebrities and public figures face immense pressure to maintain a certain image. Whether it’s for a movie role, a photoshoot, or simply to keep up appearances, the pressure to look a certain way can be overwhelming. As a result, many turn to extreme diets or restrictive eating plans in an attempt to achieve the unattainable standards set by society. 

The problem with these celebrity-endorsed diets is that they often promote unrealistic expectations and unhealthy habits. From juice cleanses to extreme calorie restriction to eliminating carbohydrates, these plans may promise quick results but rarely deliver sustainable long-term benefits. Be skeptical of celebrity endorsed plans, especially if they promote quick results. What’s more, they perpetuate the harmful notion that thinness equals health, ignoring the importance of nourishing the body with wholesome, balanced meals. 

Dangers of celebrity diets

Celebrities have an opportunity to promote healthy eating behaviors however many do not. Recently, I was asked to review Kelly Ripa’s diet that was posted on Yahoo. After reviewing her typical day of eating, here’s what I discovered; she consumes about 1,600 calories and less than 50 grams of carbohydrates. The rest of her diet consists of green juices, nuts, and microgreens. This is not an appropriate amount of food for anyone, especially for an individual exercising one hour a day, as she claims. The average female that exercises one hour a day requires at least 2,200 calories and 300-400 grams of carbohydrates to meet nutrition needs. This amount is necessary to prevent injuries, optimize hormone production, keep up energy levels and prevent cravings. Consuming too few calories and carbohydrates can trigger increased hunger, cravings, moodiness and fatigue. 

Younger individuals who are in the midst of their growth and development can be particularly susceptible to the influence of such information, which has the potential to cause even greater harm. They may try to mimic this type of eating despite being at a different stage of development. Calorie restriction can have both short and long-term consequences for this population. In the short term, younger individuals may experience mood swings, low energy and have trouble focusing in school. Longer term consequences can cause delayed or poor growth, hormonal changes and negative impact on mental health.

Social media

One needs only look at the rise of social media platforms like Instagram and TikTok to see the influence these diets can have on impressionable followers. By posting inappropriate diet messages, celebrities and influencers can reach millions of people, many of whom may be susceptible to the allure of quick-fix solutions for weight loss or improved health. But the reality is that these diets are often based on pseudoscience or anecdotal evidence, rather than sound nutritional principles. Celebrities have an opportunity to promote healthy eating and lifestyle.

It’s important to remember that what works for one person may not work for another, and that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to healthy eating. Being healthy is about nourishing your body with nutrient-rich foods, staying active, and prioritizing your mental health and overall well-being. The number on the scale does not equate with health or athletic performance.

 

Where to seek reliable information

As consumers, we must be critical of the content we consume and question the validity of so-called “expert” advice. Just because someone has a large following or appears on a talk show, doesn’t mean they’re qualified to dispense nutritional guidance. Instead, we should seek out reputable sources and consult with registered dietitians or qualified healthcare professionals for evidence-based information on healthy eating. 

The best way to determine a reputable source is to check an individual’s credentials and look to see if they have proper training or a license to give nutrition advice. Merely offering advice doesn’t guarantee that the individual is properly trained or qualified to do so. Untrained “experts”  can delay treatment or worsen a medical condition.

Registered dietitians (RD) hold a master’s degree from an accredited university and complete a 1,200 hour internship. Dietitians are governed by the certification on dietetic registration and can specialize in areas which require additional training for example, diabetes, sports nutrition, oncology, etc. 

Medical doctors (MD) attend an accredited four year medical school and then train for a minimum of four years in a speciality area. Medical doctors are licensed and take multiple board examinations during training. They hold the highest level of education and training of any healthcare professional. The American Medical Association (AMA) is the governing agency. Doctors have privileges to prescribe, diagnose and treat medical conditions in their area of specialty. 

It’s important to note that chiropractors are not MD’s and they cannot prescribe medications to treat medical conditions. Chiropractors treat bodily aches, pains, and conditions by using their hands and small instruments. They attend a four year chiropractic school and train for an additional 2-3 years. Chiropractors typically sell supplements.

In conclusion, the next time you come across a celebrity-endorsed diet or the latest trend in healthy eating, be skeptical. Ask yourself if the information is from a reliable source. Remember that being healthy is about balance, moderation, and nourishing your body —not deprivation or self-denial. Let’s shift the focus away from unrealistic expectations and toward sustainable, realistic approaches to nourishing our bodies and living our best lives.

UNDERSTANDING EATING DISORDERS: INSIGHTS FOR COACHES, FAMILIES AND FRIENDS​

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Understanding Eating Disorders:
Insights for Coaches, Families and Friends

  • By Amy Stephens RDN CSSD

Eating disorders are complex conditions influenced by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, psychological, and sociocultural factors. It’s important to note that these factors interact in complex ways, and not everyone with risk factors will develop an eating disorder. Additionally, eating disorders can affect individuals of any age, gender, socioeconomic status, or cultural background. An eating disorder is not visibly apparent. An individual may appear healthy but may be struggling. It’s important to note that eating disorders are a mental illness.

Addressing eating disorders early can improve the likelihood that individuals will be able to pursue their academic career and physical goals. A comprehensive approach to treatment that addresses physical, emotional, and psychological aspects is crucial for recovery

Prevalence

Among the general population, an estimated 9% of the U.S. population, or 28.8 million Americans, will have an eating disorder in their lifetime (Deloitte, 2020).

95% of people with an eating disorder are between the ages 12-25 years old (Bratland-Sanda, 2013).

Eating disorders are a mental illness with the highest death rate, higher than depression, bipolar or schizophrenia (Arcelus, 2011).

Among athletes, eating disorders may be particularly hard to detect due in part to secretiveness, stigma, and symptom presentation (Eichstadt, 2020).

Athletes may be less likely to seek treatment for an eating disorder due to stigma, accessibility, and sport‐specific barriers (Flatt, 2021).

13.5% of athletes have a diagnosable eating disorder (Goch, 2013). 

Up to 47% of female athletes, versus 19% of male athletes have an eating disorder (Brantland-Sanda, 2013). 

Causes

There is no single cause for eating disorders, but several factors may contribute to their development:

Genetic Factors:

  • Research suggests a genetic predisposition to eating disorders. Individuals with a family history of eating disorders may be more susceptible.

Biological Factors:

  • Abnormalities in brain chemistry and neurotransmitter imbalances, such as serotonin and dopamine may play a role in the development of eating disorders.

Psychological Factors:

  • Personality traits, such as perfectionism, low self-esteem, and high levels of anxiety or depression, are associated with an increased risk of developing eating disorders.

Environmental Factors:

  • Societal pressures, cultural ideals of beauty, and exposure to thinness-promoting media can contribute to body image dissatisfaction, leading to disordered eating behaviors.

Traumatic Experiences:

  • Traumatic events, such as childhood abuse, bullying, or other significant life stressors, may contribute to the development of eating disorders as a coping mechanism.

Dieting and Weight Concerns:

  • Strict dieting or extreme focus on weight loss can trigger disordered eating behaviors. Dieting may disrupt normal eating patterns and lead to the development of unhealthy relationships with food.

Athletics and Performance Pressure:

  • Athletes, especially those in sports that emphasize leanness or specific body types, may be at increased risk. The pressure to perform and meet certain body standards can contribute to the development of eating disorders.

Family Dynamics:

  • Family factors, such as dysfunctional family relationships, communication problems, or a history of parental eating disorders, can contribute to the development of disordered eating patterns.

Social Influences:

  • Peer pressure and the desire to fit in with a particular group may contribute to the adoption of unhealthy eating habits.

Signs and symptoms

Recognizing if someone has an eating disorder can be challenging, as individuals with these disorders often try to conceal their behaviors. However, there are signs and behaviors that may indicate the presence of an eating disorder. It’s essential to approach the situation with empathy and sensitivity, avoiding judgment. Here are some common signs that someone may have an eating disorder:

Changes in Eating Habits:

    • Frequent dieting or a sudden switch to restrictive eating patterns.
    • Excessive focus on calories, fat content, or specific food groups.
    • Eating alone or avoiding meals altogether.
    • Consuming an inadequate amount of food before or after a workout.
    • Denying or minimizing behaviors related to food, body image or weight.
    • Evidence of binge eating, like finding large amounts of food wrappers.

Physical Signs and Symptoms:

      • Significant weight loss or fluctuations in weight.
      • Noticeable changes in appearance, such as a pale complexion or brittle nails.
      • Fatigue, weakness, or dizziness.
      • Frequent fluctuations in energy levels.
      • Evidence of self-induced vomiting, laxative use, or excessive exercise.

Emotional and Behavioral Changes:

    • Preoccupation with body image, weight, or food.
    • Avoidance of social events that involve food.
    • Anxiety or distress around mealtime.
    • Frequent comments about feeling fat or expressing dissatisfaction with one’s body.

Social Withdrawal:

    • Isolation from friends and social activities.
    • Desire to be alone.
    • Changes in relationships, especially if they involve food-related activities.

Mood Changes:

    • Increased irritability, mood swings, or signs of depression.
    • Emotional distress before, during, or after eating.

Denial of the Problem:

    • Dismissing concerns about weight loss or changes in eating habits.

Physical Health Issues:

    • Menstrual irregularities or the absence of menstrual periods in females.
    • Digestive problems, such as constipation or bloating.
    • Frequent complaints of feeling cold or wearing layered clothing to hide weight loss.

The presence of one or more of these signs does not necessarily confirm an eating disorder. However, if you notice several of these behaviors persisting over time, it may be an indication that further evaluation is needed.

How to help

Early intervention has been shown to improve outcomes. Treatment provides an opportunity for individuals to learn and adopt healthy eating habits, coping mechanisms, and stress management skills. If you suspect an individual has an eating disorder, express your concern in a nonjudgmental and caring manner. Encourage them to seek help from a healthcare professional, therapist, or dietitian who specializes in eating disorders. Remember that though eating disorders share commonalities, everyone is unique. You might need to bring up this issue several times before the person is willing to seek help. 

References

Arcelus J, Mitchell AJ, Wales J, Nielsen S. Mortality Rates in Patients With Anorexia Nervosa and Other Eating Disorders: A Meta-analysis of 36 Studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(7):724–731. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74

Bratland-Sanda S, Sundgot-Borgen J. Eating disorders in athletes: overview of prevalence, risk factors and recommendations for prevention and treatment. Eur J Sport Sci. 2013;13(5):499-508. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2012.740504. Epub 2012 Nov 13. PMID: 24050467.

Deloitte Access Economics. The Social and Economic Cost of Eating Disorders in the United States of America: A Report for the Strategic Training Initiative for the Prevention of Eating Disorders and the Academy for Eating Disorders.June 2020. Available at: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/striped/report-economic-costs-of-eating-disorders/.

Eichstadt, M., Luzier, J., Cho, D., & Weisenmuller, C. (2020). Eating disorders in male athletes. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 12(4), 327–333. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738120928991 

Flatt, R., Thornton, L., Fitzsimmons‐Craft, E., Balantekin, K., Smolar, L., Mysko, C., Wilfley, D. E., Taylor, C. B., DeFreese, J. D., Bardone‐Cone, A. M., & Bulik, C. M. (2021). Comparing eating disorder characteristics and treatment in self‐identified competitive athletes and non‐athletes from the National Eating Disorders Association Online Screening Tool. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 54(3), 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23415 

Ghoch M, et al. Eating disorders, physical fitness and sport performance: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2013 Dec 16;5(12):5140-60. doi: 10.3390/nu5125140. PMID: 24352092; PMCID: PMC3875919.

Paul A. Krebs, Christopher R. Dennison, Lisa Kellar, Jeff Lucas, “Gender Differences in Eating Disorder Risk among NCAA Division I Cross Country and Track Student-Athletes”, Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 2019, Article ID 5035871, 5 pages, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5035871




5 Myths You Hear as a College Athlete

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5 Myths You Hear as a College Athlete

  • By Amy Stephens RDN CSSD
    Sara Fischer, Intern
  • Edited by Amy Gregorek

TW: This content mentions eating disorders and body image.

1. Thinner = faster ✖

It is crucial for an athlete to fuel their body for performance. A stronger athlete is a better athlete. Many athletes believe that in order to be in peak condition performing  as fast as possible, they need to sit at a very low body fat percentage or lose weight. Being in a state of low energy availability is extremely harmful to an athlete’s physical and mental well being. 

When an athlete focuses on weight loss and the external “aesthetics” of their body, they may believe that weight loss is always a good thing. Unfortunately, that same athlete may be in an unnecessary state of low energy availability due to malnourishment, causing their body to focus its metabolic and physiological energy primarily on survival, rather than its other natural processes. In a study by Melin, Heikura, Tenforde, and Mountjoy, an athlete training for over 90 mins per day can even fall into a low energy availability state of survival if they are consuming less than 2,300 calories a day (depending on the athlete/training session). Prolonged weight loss or maintaining a low body weight that inhibits the body’s ability to carry out its processes can be dangerous. Low energy availability results in hormonal imbalances, menstrual dysfunction, decreased bone mineral density, immune system dysfunction, and threatens cardiovascular health and organ function. 

 

2. I have to be strict about my nutrition to achieve my goals ✖ 

 A balanced diet is a healthy diet. When you are eating enough, every food fits. Athletes do not need to miss out on social experiences to stick to a strict nutrition regimen. Due to societal ideas of a positive correlation between low body weight and increased success in sports performance, many endurance athletes are subject to low energy availability, developing eating disorders, and further damaging their health. In a survey by Tenforde et al. in 2015, out of 748 runners surveyed, 23% of females and 8% of males reported skipping meals or dieting to lose

weight during their youth, or early years in the sport (Watson, 2017). This suggests that false ideals around body weight and performance are instilled in athletes at a very young age, who may then grow and become entrenched in the mindset that they need to be extremely rigid around their nutrition. Rigid or restricted manipulation of caloric and nutrition intake may sacrifice an athlete’s long-term health. 

3. I should eat the same as my non-athlete friends ✖

Your friends may not be putting in 7+ hours a week of training like you are. Most people eat intuitively, listening to their own body’s hunger cues. If they don’t feel like eating breakfast, they won’t. If they are not hungry within 3-4 hours of eating a meal, they will not force themselves to eat a snack. Everybody’s needs are different, but it is important for athletes to note that they should absolutely not compare their own eating habits to their non-athlete peers. For an athlete, even a sustained energy deficit of ~300 calories per day can lead to a variety of health issues (Cialdella-Kam et al., 2014). While athletes absolutely do not need to constantly be thinking about food or how to fuel their training properly, comparing themselves to their peers and attempting to follow an eating pattern that doesn’t fit their personal goals may result in low energy availability, hindering their health and ultimately their performance as an athlete.

4. Not having a regular period is normal for high intensity female athletes ✖ 

Even if your teammates talk about their irregular menstrual cycles, this is not normal. Healthy hormones are crucial for an athlete’s overall health. Exercise related menstrual dysfunction is associated with compromised bone health such as risk of osteoporosis and stress fractures. Additionally, exercise related menstrual dysfunction is also associated with a variety of other health issues, such as cardiovascular dysfunction, endothelial dysfunction, increased cortisol levels, and higher risk for muscular injuries (Ciadella-Kam, 2014). Although it sounds convenient, a missing period poses the risk for many health consequences.

5. Sleep is not important ✖

While it is hard to balance college sports, academics, and a social life, it is crucial not to neglect sleep. Sleep is an integral part of recovery and many studies suggest evidence that sleep deprivation negatively affects performance. Sleep deprivation raises the risk of injury and illness in addition to hindering recovery from practices or workouts (Watson, 2017). Athletes need at least 8-10 hours of sleep per night.

References

Cialdella-Kam L, Guebels CP, Maddalozzo GF, Manore MM. Dietary intervention restored menses in female athletes with exercise-associated menstrual dysfunction with limited impact on bone and muscle health. Nutrients. 2014 Jul 31;6(8):3018-39. doi: 

10.3390/nu6083018. PMID: 25090245; PMCID: PMC4145292. 

Melin, A. K., Heikura, I. A., Tenforde, A., & Mountjoy, M. (2019). Energy Availability in Athletics: Health, Performance, and Physique, International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 29(2), 152-164. Retrieved Jun 19, 2023, from 

https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0201 

Watson AM. Sleep and Athletic Performance. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2017 Nov/Dec;16(6):413-418. doi: 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000418. PMID: 29135639.

FUELING AN INDOOR WORKOUT: A GUIDE

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FUELING AN INDOOR WORKOUT: A GUIDE

  • By Amy Stephens RDN CSSD
    Sports Nutritionist NYC
Providing your body with the essential energy for powering through exercises is crucial during a gym or indoor track workout. This guide provides tips on how to effectively fuel and hydrate your body during indoor workouts. The focus is on the right timing and type of nutrients to avoid energy crashes or gastrointestinal issues, and to keep energy levels up.

before

One-to-two hours before your workout, it is important to have a pre-workout snack that is rich in carbohydrates and protein to give you the energy you need to perform at your best. Some great pre-workout snacks include a banana with peanut butter, toast with peanut butter, rice cakes or a nutrition bar such as Clif, Nutrigrain or Maurten bar. If you need a quick snack right before you start your workout, opt for quick acting carbohydrates. Excellent choices include fruit snacks, sports drinks, or energy gels.

Target about 40-60 grams of carbohydrate and 8-12 oz fluids.

during

During your workout, it is important to stay hydrated by drinking water or a sports drink to replace the fluids lost through sweat. Consider adding electrolytes if you find yourself sweating excessively. If your workout lasts longer than an hour, consider having a small snack such as an energy gel, fruit, or sports drink to keep your energy levels up.

Hydration needs during the workout depend on its duration and intensity. A common recommendation is to drink about 4-10 ounces (about 100-300 milliliters) of water every 10-20 minutes during the exercise.

after

After your workout, it is important to refuel your body with a post-workout snack or meal that is rich in protein and carbohydrates. This will help to replenish your energy stores and aid in muscle recovery. Some great post-workout snacks include chocolate milk, a piece of fruit with a protein shake, trail mix and dried fruit, a turkey and avocado wrap, hummus wrap, or fruit and granola.

Rehydrate after the workout by drinking fluids (water or sports drink). A general guideline is to consume about 16-24 ounces (about 500-700 milliliters) of water for every pound (0.45 kilograms) of body weight lost during exercise.

Remember, fueling and hydration requirements can vary from person to person based on individual preferences and dietary restrictions. It’s essential to listen to your body and find what works best for you. Proper fueling before, during, and after your indoor workout is key to achieving your fitness goals and maintaining a healthy body.

Fueling for winter training

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Fueling for winter training

  • By Amy Stephens RDN CSSD
    Sports Nutritionist NYC

During the winter months, nutrition priorities shift towards hydration, foods that generate body warmth, and those that boost the immune system.

 

Hydration

1. Hydrate even if you don’t feel thirsty. Your body loses water through both respiration and perspiration. This becomes particularly crucial during winter months and even more so if training at altitude. Performance can be impacted by dehydration, so maintain hydration by consistently sipping fluids throughout the day. If you tend to sweat heavily, consider incorporating electrolytes as well.

2. Layer your clothing to avoid overheating. Aim to dress for temperatures that are 10-20 degrees warmer than the outside temperature. If the temperature is 32℉ (0 ℃), dress for 40 or 50℉ (4-10℃). As your body temperature rises during activity, you can gradually remove layers to prevent overheating. Wearing too many layers can lead to increased sweating, potentially hastening dehydration.

3. Replenish fluids immediately after a workout. Kickstart recovery and hydration by choosing warm fluids like soups, teas or hot chocolate. 

4.  Do not let the need to remove layers for restroom breaks lead to intentional fluid restriction. Stopping and removing extra layers to urinate can be time-consuming and inconvenient. Nevertheless, athletes should be mindful that dehydration can significantly impair sports performance. 

Fuel

  1. Take advantage of food’s thermic effect, eating can increase body temperature and help the body warm up before a workout. Along with warm fluids (coffee or tea), eat a banana or a warm bowl of oatmeal 30-60 minutes before a workout to help your body warm up. 
  2. Refuel after a workout to continue to experience the thermic effect of food. Refueling will also help replenish glycogen stores and repair damaged muscle tissue. Choose meals that have plenty of complex carbohydrates, proteins and fats. 

Recovery foods

  1. Be conscious of Vitamin C consumption to keep the immune system working at peak level. Include seasonal foods such as frozen fruits, beets, broccoli, avocado, sweet potato and citrus fruits.
  2. Incorporate foods with Vitamin D. Sunlight is our bodies natural form of Vitamin D however in winter months, we don’t get nearly enough sunshine to activate Vitamin D. Best foods to choose are salmon, sardines, herring, eggs, and yogurt. 
  3. Choose warmer meals that are rich in carbohydrates and protein. Some great choices are soups, stews, hot chocolate, warm sandwiches, pasta with meatballs and bowls. Eat enough to replenish glycogen and promote recovery. 
  4. Eat the same amount of food in colder temperatures. Energy expenditure doesn’t change too much in winter months unless you are carrying extra gear (i.e. skis, hiking gear, or large hydration vests).

Sample winter meal plan

Breakfast 

Oatmeal made with frozen blueberries, topped with sliced banana, nut butter and cinnamon 

Snack

Trail mix with dried fruit and salted almonds

Lunch 

Homemade soup or stew

carrot ginger, winter vegetable and farro, chicken noodle, lentil, beef stew 

Snack 

Homemade muffins (apple and carrot superhero muffin recipe)

Chamomile or turmeric tea 

Dinner 

Salmon with roasted sweet potatoes, and a kale salad with feta cheese, pumpkin seeds, dried cranberries and lemon vinaigrette dressing



What’s the difference between a dietitian and a nutritionist?

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What’s the difference between a dietitian and a nutritionist?

  • Amy Stephens RDN CSSD
    Sports Dietitian Nutritionist NYC

It’s a matter of education and training. 

Consult with a healthcare provider who has appropriate training in the specific area you require assistance with. Inquire about your practitioner’s training to verify it aligns with your nutrition objectives. Following advice from an untrained provider can be detrimental, potentially preventing or delaying appropriate treatment.

Dietitian

Education

 

Starting in 2024, individuals will need a Master’s degree from an accredited university in order to be eligible for the dietetic exam which is necessary to become a registered dietitian (RD). Courses include clinical practice, complementary and alternative nutrition therapies, diseased gut, and clinical nutrition assessment. For more detailed information about requirements, click here.

Training

Complete a 1,200-hour dietetic internship by an accredited program. During the internship, students rotate through different settings such as  hospital, community-based rotation and food service areas. Students learn how to practice medical nutrition therapy (MNT) and communicate with medical teams that include physicians, physical therapists, mental health providers, and family members.

Dietetic exam

After successfully completing eligibility requirements and being validated by the commission on dietetic registration, individuals must take and pass the board exam in order to become a registered dietitian. For more information about the exam such as the outline and study resources, click here.

Place of work

Dietitians can hold positions in hospitals, universities, the military, international olympic committee (IOC), foodservice, or doctor’s offices. 

Continuing medical education (CME) 

Every five years, the commission on dietetic registration (CDR) requires 75 credits of CME. This can be accrued through seminars, journal articles, workshops, webinars, training programs, additional certifications, etc. For a full list of how to obtain CME, click here. 

Specialty certifications

In addition to the registered dietitian credential, there are many other specialties which are listed below. They each have different training requirements, supervised hours and exams.

Nutritionist

Education

No standard. Anyone can claim to be a nutritionist…There is no formal governing body.

Training

There is no current standard for training nutritionists. The type of courses offered and length of programs for nutritionists varies. Some nutritionist programs can be as little as 10 weeks online. No state licensure standard for all nutritionists.

NYU Women’s cross country

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  • Posted by Amy Stephens RDN CSSD
    Sports Dietitian Nutritionist NYC
‘Unrecognizable’: How the NYU women’s cross country team went from 4 runners to 5th in the nation in less than three seasons, Head Coach Tyler Deck Shipley elevated a struggling cross country team to one of the nation’s best.
 

Click HERE for full story.

 

Written by Ethan Rendon, Staff Writer for NYU News.

 

MARATHON RACE DAY – 7 Common Mistakes Runners Make

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MARATHON RACE DAY 7 Common Mistakes Runners Make

  • By Amy Stephens RDN CSSD
    Sports Nutritionist NYC
  • Sara Fisher, Intern

You might have the best shoes and completed the best training plan, but if your nutrition is off on race day, you won’t perform your best. Whether this is your first or tenth marathon, here are a few common mistakes that I hear from my athletes.

 

  1. Starting your fueling plan too late on race day

    Even if you’re feeling good, aim to start your fueling plan within the first 30-45 minutes. This will help preserve precious glycogen in your muscles so you have enough energy for the last 10k.

  2. Not bringing enough gels to your race

    Plan out how many gels you need. It will likely be more than you’re used to carrying. Stash the gels in pockets, in gloves, hats – anywhere you can easily access them. It is better to be over prepared than underprepared!

  3. Trying new products or foods on race day

    On race day, the last thing you want to worry about is if a new food will sit well in your stomach before a race. It is best to stick to the food, drinks and energy products you know you can handle, and that you’ve practiced with on long runs during training. On the course, there might be lots of foods offered like bananas, candy, bars or gels, take these only if you’ve had them in the past.

  4. Eating too close to start time

    Establish a race day food plan that you’ve tested out and stick to it! Recognize that race day will likely be different and you might need to be eating while traveling to the start line. Stick with the same timing that you’ve practiced so you have plenty of time to digest. Race day is not the day to try a new fuel timing plan. 

  5. Thinking you have to cut out “unhealthy foods” during training


    Your diet does not have to be perfect to be a runner. As long as most of your foods are nutritious, and you are eating enough, there is room in your diet for less nutrient dense foods that you enjoy!

  6. “It’s cold out, so I don’t need to hydrate!”

    Proper hydration in the cold weather is essential for keeping your muscles firing. Even in the colder weather, when you do not feel like you are sweating as much, your hydration needs do not decline much.

  7. Not eating anything on race day because you’re too nervous


    Calm the nerves by prepping your race day foods. Lay out all the foods you’ll need and list the times that you normally eat them.



BEST foods to eat after a workout – tips from the Martin Coaching Team

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BEST foods to eat after a workout - tips from the Martin Coaching Team

Foods consumed after a workout will impact recovery and sports performance.

We asked the Martin coaching team about which foods they eat after a workout and it was no surprise that we received great responses instantly. At the elite level, nutrition is dialed in and the athletes know which foods to grab after a tough workout to promote recovery. We created this post to highlight the importance of refueling and provide some great options from the pros. 

How exercise affects energy stores

During a workout or run, the body breaks down glycogen into usable energy to supply working muscles. As the workout progresses, glycogen stores become depleted and muscle tissue further breaks down. Once exercise stops, the body will absorb nutrients to start the recovery process (Burke). If nutrients are not available, recovery after a workout can take longer. This can be a problem if you are training again the next day or later that same day.

Food is the best recovery tool

Nutrition can promote faster recovery. Eating the right amount of food immediately after a workout will restore muscle and liver glycogen which is essential for recovery between training sessions or competitive events. Recovery foods are especially important for athletes who work out or compete multiple times per day, as they have limited time for recovery. Carbohydrates and a small amount of protein are necessary to kickstart recovery.

Glycogen window: carbs and protein

Take advantage of the glycogen window by consuming adequate carbohydrates and protein within the first hour of a workout. During this time, the muscles are primed to absorb nutrients at a faster rate, then slows. Aim for about 100 grams carb ( 1-1.2 g/kg)  and 20-30 grams protein post exercise to maximize glycogen resynthesis (Burke). For example, a 150 pound person could eat a bagel with peanut butter and a fruit smoothie. 

These numbers are estimates, your body might require more or less food based on the intensity of the workout and how you feel. Recovery will continue over the next few hours but at a slower rate.

Include high glycemic foods such as honey, syrup or carbohydrate-rich beverages to maximize glycogen uptake for athletes who have limited recovery time between workouts (Donaldson). 

Post-workout nausea

If solid foods are not tolerated after a workout, take small bites from bland foods like crackers, dry toast or cold beverages such as a sports drink, until your appetite improves.

Martin Coaching staff’s favorite recovery foods

Ravenna

I love a loaded smoothie! Go to recipe: plain Greek yogurt, a little honey, blueberries, fist of spinach, tbsp of nut butter (partial to Stoke), banana and frozen mango. Plenty of protein to replenish stores and easy on the stomach.

Brendan and Aubrey Martin

Breakfast burrito with kale, eggs, vegan cheese, whole wheat tortilla, and hot sauce! Carbs + protein + sodium.

Protein knockout from Juice Generation  and everything bagel with tofutti.

Tortilla with hummus, “micro greens” or baby spinach + ranch dressing.

Johannes Motschmann

Fruit
Vegan chocolate protein shake powder with oat milk and bananas. (Within 15 minutes of finishing the workout).

Maurten Solid Bar and regular soda. The consumption of sugar in conjunction with exercise will accelerate glycogen repletion (Kerksick).

Occasionally:
 2L of Fanta from a nearby bodega after a 20 miler along the Hudson in the summer

Johannes Motschmann during the World Athletics Marathon. Budapest, Hungry 2023 Photo: @uyberlin

Luciano Fiore 

Two bananas 🍌 after every run and recently been loving MacroBars post run. Especially if the weight-room is soon to follow. Bananas provide the most versatile fruit in the game and an extra 12 grams plant-based protein boost from the macro bar.

On colder days, Fiore likes oats with chunky peanut butter (Brands - Santa Cruz Peanut butter or Once Again if I’ve got some spending cash) cocoa nibs, cinnamon, banana and honey.

Usually eat half. Leave the second half in my passenger seat. And rationalize eating it after training because of the mandatory metabolic window.

Liam Dee

Like Luciano, I’ve been double-batch cooking my oats so that I can have some pre and post run. Usually, I’ll add honey, milk, raisins, banana and chia seeds for extra texture and omega-3.

If I’m in the mood for something more lunch-forward, I love Hummus sandwiches on a nice Portuguese roll loaded with greens, cucumber and cherry tomatoes and topped with chips and a bit of spicy honey if I have it! More recently I have acquired a rice-cooker which means I can set that going before an evening jog and can quickly stir-fry some veg and tofu and be eating a proper meal in 15 minutes post-run.

Of late, I have been fiendishly eating bananas out of sheer practicality, but my go-to quick satiating snack is yoghurt with cherries or frozen fruit and honey, and some kind of cereal topping.

Amy Stephens, Sports Dietitian 

My favorite food after a workout is avocado toast with a hard boiled egg and red pepper. Avocado provides a great source of healthy fats and eggs  provide high quality protein with all essential amino acids.

 

Some additional recovery food options include:

  • Granola, yogurt and fruit
  • Peanut butter, honey and banana sandwich on whole-wheat bread
  • Chocolate milk
  • Fruit smoothie made with banana, strawberries, mango, and milk. 
  • Sports beverage containing carbohydrate and protein – Skratch Horchata
  • Turkey sandwich on whole wheat bread
  • Peanut butter on crackers
  • Dried fruit and nuts
  • Graham crackers and yogurt
  • Peanut butter and apple slices

References

Burke LM, Hawley JA, Wong SH, Jeukendrup AE. Carbohydrates for training and competition. J Sports Sci. 2011;29 Suppl 1:S17-27. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2011.585473. Epub 2011 Jun 9. PMID: 21660838.

Burke LM, Kiens B, Ivy JL. Carbohydrates and fat for training and recovery. J Sports Sci. 2004 Jan;22(1):15-30. doi: 10.1080/0264041031000140527. PMID: 14971430.

Burke L and Deakin V. Clinical Sports Nutrition, Third Edition.

Donaldson CM, Perry TL, Rose MC. Glycemic index and endurance performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2010 Apr;20(2):154-65. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.20.2.154. Erratum in: Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2011 Jun;21(3):262-4. PMID: 20479489.

Kerksick CM, Arent S, Schoenfeld BJ, Stout JR, Campbell B, Wilborn CD, Taylor L, Kalman D, Smith-Ryan AE, Kreider RB, Willoughby D, Arciero PJ, VanDusseldorp TA, Ormsbee MJ, Wildman R, Greenwood M, Ziegenfuss TN, Aragon AA, Antonio J. International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017 Aug 29;14:33. doi: 10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4. PMID: 28919842; PMCID: PMC5596471.



optimize health and performance

Amy Stephens, MS, RDn, CDces, CSSD

Licensed dietiTian

specializing in sports nutrition and eating disorders

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