Eating Disorders in Athletes: Impact on Performance

June 22, 2023October 25, 2022 by amystephens

Eating Disorders in Athletes: Impact on Performance

Eating disorders affect an athlete both mentally and physically and have significant impacts on performance. This blog will discuss the prevalence of eating disorders, identify warning signs in athletes, distinguish the differences and similarities to relative energy deficiency syndrome (REDS), and provide resources for those struggling to seek help. Eating Disorders are a serious issue for everyone, but especially for athletes. Nutrition requirements are high and the inability to fuel an athlete’s body will lead to worsening of disordered eating, injuries, and overall decline in performance.

The most common forms of eating disorders are anorexia, bulimia and binge eating disorder. Anorexia refers to restriction of food and refusal to meet nutritional needs, typically resulting in extreme weight loss. Bulimia is defined by consuming a large quantity of food in a short period of time, followed by a desire to “get rid” of the food through vomiting, exercise, or medications. Often, athletes can have a combination of both. Binge eating disorder is another type of eating disorder characterized by consuming a large quantity of calories in a short period of time. In one study, up to 84% of athletes were found to have subclinical disordered eating, and engaging in maladaptive eating and weight control behaviors, such as binge eating, excessive exercise, strict dieting, fasting, self-induced vomiting, and the use of weight loss supplements (Chatterton, Clifford). Evaluation by a physician or therapist can determine the severity and best form of treatment.

Eating disorders do not discriminate as they affect all races, genders, and socioeconomic classes. Some populations have higher rates of eating disorders. Eating disorders are most commonly screened and diagnosed between the ages 12-19, but can occur at any age. The earlier an athlete is diagnosed, the more likely they are to recover and reverse any damage to their bodies. The longer an eating disorder behavior is untreated, the more difficult the treatment and full recovery become.

Prevalence

13.5% of athletes struggle with an eating disorder (Ghoch).
Up to 45% of female athletes and 19% of male athletes struggle with an eating disorder (Bratland-Sanda)
In a study by Petrie, 19.2% of athletes surveyed had maladaptive eating behaviors such as restricting food intake, limiting food choices, excluding large groups of foods, and purging behavior.

Risk factors for developing eating disorders in athletes

Certain sports that are weight dependent and focus on leanness pose a bigger risk for eating disorders. Both male and female athletes are at risk.

In addition, athletes who have recently undergone stressful events such as an injury are at a greater risk for developing an eating disorder. Athletes who have been struggling with poor performance might want to restrict food and blame the body.

There are additional societal contributions that can lead to eating disorders. It’s important to be aware of these factors so proper education for athletes and coaching staff can help prevent disordered eating among athletes.

Societal contributions include:

A fixation on thinness and the need to have a certain appearance in order to be happy or successful
Social media’s tendency to reinforce negative body image by giving attention to overly thin athletes
Restrictive diet plans promoted by ill-trained professionals
Society’s fixation on toxic positivity and the need to seek perfectionism to achieve one’s goals

All of these practices promote unhealthy relationships with the body and eating patterns. Athletes are no exception. Weight dependent sports not only encourage unhealthy dietary practices, but reward them. The thinner athletes promote themselves as having reached their performance levels due to their thin body type. Misinformation from friends, coaches, and media can cause an athlete to try and achieve an inappropriate level of thinness that causes physical and mental harm to their body. Eating disorders are often overlooked if the athlete is performing well.

Difference between eating disorders and Relative Energy Deficiency Syndrome (RED-S)

Relative Energy Deficiency Syndrome (REDS) is a new classification of symptoms identified in 2014 by International Olympic Committee Mountjoy. REDS is characterized by low calorie intake in relation to energy exerted during exercise. REDS was formerly named “The Female Athlete Triad Syndrome because it affected three key systems in the female body:low calorie intake, menstrual irregularities, and lowered bone density. The term REDS is new but the condition has been in existence for a long time. Simply put, exercising too much and not eating enough causes an imbalance in which the body cannot function at optimal levels. What’s most interesting to me is that someone with REDS can be any body weight. The difference between REDS and an ED is that REDS is an unintentional mismatch of calories. Once an athlete with REDS is evaluated and educated about an appropriate amount of calories to sustain daily exercise and body functions, the deficit is corrected and the body can function properly. ED is further explored if the athlete is unable to willingly consume calories to support energy expenditure.

Sometimes it may not be obvious or easy to diagnose REDS or eating disorders. Someone can be a normal weight but is exercising too much and refueling inadequately. In this instance, athletes may feel that they are eating well, but in truth, are not eating enough calories to support exercise.

Signs of chronic underfueling that warrant further screening to determine if disordered eating is present

Females – change in menstrual cycle, can be longer or lighter periods, it is NOT normal for a female athlete to miss a period
Males – low testosterone and growth hormone. Both are natural performance enhancing hormones made by the body. Low levels can negatively affect sport performances, muscle growth, and energy production. Also important for serotonin uptake for the brain, it can lift mood. (Skolnick)
Hormonal changes can lead to stress fractures and ultimately osteoporosis
Frequent injuries to bones and soft tissues
Isolated, eats alone
Withdrawn behavior
Sudden changes with diet or food choices
Noticeable fluctuations in weight, both up and down
Irritability
Lethargy, difficulty finishing a workout
Digestive issues such as bloating (often mistaken for IBS), gas, diarrhea (this is often worsened by further restricting suspected nutrients)
Decrease in sports performance
Difficulty sleeping
Not seeing improvements in performance despite increasing workouts
Depressed immune system
Decreased cognitive functioning (lower blood sugar supplied to brain)

Treatment

Treatment often begins with an evaluation by a physician, eating disorder dietitian, and therapist. Once the patient is evaluated, they are recommended to the best form of treatment depending on their situation. The dietitian will create a plan that provides adequate calories to support daily expenditure. It can be challenging to find the right physician to help especially since there are differing opinions among professionals. In my experience, missing a period leads to complications related to menstrual cycle and bone growth. It is important to let your doctor know if you’ve lost your period for more than three months as this can be related to underfueling or the result of underlying medical conditions. Your doctor can help guide you to the best treatment approach.

Resources for help

There are many resources to help. If you or someone you are close to might have an eating disorder, here are some important resources that can help:

- Visit your doctor and explain why you are concerned. Be sure to ask if your doctor works with eating disorders.
- For college athletes, visit your health center and explain why you are concerned. The health professionals can conduct proper screenings and assessments.
- Seek out a sports dietitian (ask if they have experience with eating disorders)
- See a school psychologist
- If you think you have an eating disorder, speak to a trusted family member or friend and share your concerns. Eating disorders are isolating so speaking out is a step in the right direction.
- Seek out supportive teammates and coaches and share your eating concerns. They can help you locate the best resources for an evaluation and assessment.
- National Eating Disorders Hotline (NEDA) 1-800-931-2237

References

Bratland-Sanda S, Sundgot-Borgen J. (2013). Eating disorders in athletes: overview of prevalence, risk factors and recommendations for prevention and treatment. Eur J Sport Sci, 13(5):499-508.

Chatterton, J. M., & Petrie, T. A. (2013). Prevalence of disordered eating and pathogenic weight control behaviors among male collegiate athletes. Eating Disorders, 21(4), 328-341.

Clifford, T., & Blyth, C. (2018). A pilot study comparing the prevalence of orthorexia nervosa in regular students and those in university sports teams. Eating and Weight Disorders – Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 24(3), 473-480.

Conviser, J. H., Schlitzer Tierney, A., Nickols, R. (2018). Essential for best practice: treatment approaches for athletes with eating disorders. J of Clin Sports Psych, 12.

Ghoch, M. E., et al. (2013). Eating disorders, physical fitness, and sport performance: a systematic review. Nutrients, 5:12.

Mehler, P.S., Sabel, A.L., Watson, T. and Andersen, A.E. (2018). High risk of osteoporosis in male patients with eating disorders. Int. J. Eat. Disord, 41: 666-672.

Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen JK, Burke LM, et al. (2018). OC consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): 2018 update. Brit J of Sports Med, 52:687-697.

Petrie, Trent, Greenleaf, Christy, Reel, Justine, Carter, Jennifer. (2018). Prevalence of Eating Disorders and Disordered Eating Behaviors Among Male Collegiate Athletes. Psych of Men & Masculinity, 9: 267-277.

Scott CL, Plateau CR, Haycraft E. (2020). Teammate influences, psychological well-being, and athletes’ eating and exercise psychopathology: A moderated mediation analysis. Int J Eat Disord, 53(4):564-573.

Shufelt CL, Torbati T, Dutra E. (2017). Hypothalamic Amenorrhea and the Long-Term Health Consequences. Semin Reprod Med, 35(3):256-262.

Skolnick A, Schulman RC, Galindo RJ, Mechanick JI. (2016). The endocrinopathies of male anorexia nervosa: case series. AACE Clin Case Rep, 2(4):e351-e357.

Feature: How to Eat Before Sports Tryouts, According to a Dietitian

June 26, 2023October 4, 2022 by amystephens

FEATURE: How to Eat Before Sports Tryouts, According to a Dietitian

Amy’s recommendations on Foods to eat before sports tryouts featured on Livestrong.

Athlete’s Guide to Reducing Inflammation

October 5, 2022September 6, 2022 by amystephens

Athlete’s Guide to Reducing Inflammation

What is inflammation?

In the world of sports and athletics, all athletes experience inflammation. Inflammation is a natural and healthy process by which the body protects itself from harm. Intense exercise causes metabolic waste as toxins are released, causing the body to respond. Inflammation is the process whereby the body heals itself from toxins.

Athletes perform at extraordinarily high levels, whether it’s running a marathon or playing a three hour tennis match in 100 degree weather, which can greatly affect the body. The need to take care of one’s body after these extreme efforts is essential to the process of reducing inflammation. The main jobs of an athlete are to workout, get stronger, and recover.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an inflammatory protein that can be measured to determine the level of inflammation in the body. Higher levels of CRP are found in your blood after a workout and can persist for a few days. Your body can naturally lower CRP levels but this process can take a few days. During this time, muscle growth and repair are inhibited.

There are many different tools to reduce inflammation, but healthy eating is the single most important factor in reducing inflammation. Foods improve recovery and one’s own ability to perform. Many athletes will undergo procedures to lower inflammation but nothing is more potent than eating anti-inflammatory foods because healing nutrients are delivered directly into the body. These anti-inflammatory properties begin when certain foods are passed through the gut. There, certain nutrients such as omega-3’s, antioxidants (Vitamin C, E and A), and probiotics are absorbed into cells. Other foods like saturated fats and processed sugars have been shown to increase inflammation throughout the body.

Here is a list of foods that will reduce inflammation:

Tart cherry juice is a convenient source of Vitamin C and potassium which are used to restore electrolytes and promote recovery.

Vegetables such as peppers, broccoli, kale, beets (beet juice), and spinach are high in Vitamin C and antioxidants.

Berries and citrus fruits are also rich in antioxidants, Vitamin C, and anthocyanins. Best sources include: strawberries, blueberries, blackberries, raspberries, oranges, and grapes.

Green tea contains catechins which suppress the inflammatory protein response. (Ohishi)

Turmeric contains an ingredient called circumin which has been shown to reduce inflammation. Turmeric is most commonly used as a seasoning. To make tea, use 1 tsp ground turmeric and mix with warm milk (also a great source of iron).

Nuts and seeds such as chia seeds, almonds, walnuts contain monounsaturated fats and alpha linoleic acid (ALA) which has been shown to reduce levels of CRP. They are also rich in fiber which slows the release of glucose into the cells, also referred to as low glycemic foods. Peanuts are a great, less expensive option.

Avocado and Olive oil are great sources of monounsaturated fatty acids. These fats help raise good cholesterol and maintain the body’s cells. These foods are also rich in Vitamin E which is an antioxidant that helps fight inflammation.

Fatty fish such as salmon, sardines, anchovies, and mackerel are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Omega 3’s have properties that interrupt the inflammatory process, similar to aspirin (Calder).

Probiotic yogurt has been shown to lower levels of CRP and inflammation in the gut. The bacteria from yogurt protects the gut from invading viruses and bacteria and offsets proteins released during prolonged exercise (Forseth and Bienstock). Kefir and plain low-fat Greek yogurt are great because they have many strands of live cultures. (Salehzaden).

In addition to food, sleep and stress reduction will reduce inflammation by allowing hormone levels to reset so it can repair damaged tissue.

Sleeping 8-10 hours per night will help restore stress hormone levels and reduce inflammation (Mullington).
Reducing stress by practicing breathing exercises, yoga, taking a walk, or sitting quietly.

These foods cause inflammation

When you consume these foods in your diet, studies have shown elevated CRP levels.

Alcohol

Refined carbohydrates made with white flour do not contain many nutrients or fiber. They have a higher glycemic response which has shown to increase inflammation. These foods include: sweets, cookies, ice cream, pastries, cakes, processed foods.
Saturated fats found in shortening, lard, red meat, smoked meats, hot dogs, hamburger, sausage, fast food and fried foods. These foods have been shown to raise bad cholesterol levels and contribute to inflammation.

Sample meal plan

Breakfast

Bowl of plain low-fat yogurt with almonds and berries and top with chia seeds

Post-workout snack

Toast with almond butter, berries, glass of tart cherry juice

Lunch

Spinach salad with avocado, chickpeas, and pumpkin seeds, olive oil and vinegar dressing

Quinoa or brown rice bowl with broccoli and peppers and grilled salmon

Blueberry smoothie made with plain yogurt

Snack

Grapes and almonds or walnuts

Chia pudding made with milk or almond milk

Green tea

Dinner

Chicken fajitas, sliced avocado, tomates, peppers and onions, tomato salsa

Easy chia pudding recipe

In small jar or covered container, mix together:

2 Tbsp chia seeds

½ cup milk

1 tsp honey

Shake well and refrigerate for at least 2 hours. Top with strawberries and cinnamon.

References

Calder PC. (2010). Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes. Nutrients, 2(3):355-374.

Forsythe P & Bienenstock J (2010). Immunomodulation by commensal and probiotic bacteria. Immu invest, 39(4-5): 429-48.

Kuczmarski MF, Mason MA, Allegro D, Zonderman AB, Evans MK. (2013). Diet quality is inversely associated with C-reactive protein levels in urban, low-income African-American and white adults. J Acad Nutr Diet, 113(12):1620-31.

Lankinen M, Uusitupa M, Schwab U. (2019). Nordic Diet and Inflammation-A Review of Observational and Intervention Studies. Nutrients,18;11(6):1369.

Mullington JM, Simpson NS, Meier-Ewert HK, Haack M. (2010). Sleep loss and inflammation. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 24(5):775-84.

Ohishi T, Goto S, Monira P, Isemura M, Nakamura Y. (2016). Anti-inflammatory Action of Green Tea. Anti Inflam Anti Allergy Agents Med Chem, 15(2):74-90.

Salehzadeh, Karim. (2015). The Effects of Probiotic Yogurt Drink on Lipid Profile, CRP, and Record Changes in Aerobic Athletes. Int’l J Life Sciences, 9;(4)32-37.

How to change body composition in a healthy way

January 28, 2022September 12, 2021 by amystephens

change body composition in a healthy way

Why important

It has been proven that athletes with more muscle mass and less fat are able to run faster due to the power-to-weight ratio. Oftentimes, athletes will try to lose weight in an unhealthy way which can negatively affect performance and cause injury. This post reviews safe and effective strategies to lower body fat without compromising performance and mental health.

Factors influencing body composition

Genetic predisposition, age, sex, activity level, and dieting history are a few factors that affect body composition. As we age, our bodies have a greater percentage of fat tissue although studies have recently shown that can be mitigated with healthy eating and exercise. Gender is also a factor, as male athletes tend to have lower body fat composition while female-identifying athletes tend to have higher body fat.

Off season

In the off season, many athletes find themselves increasing weight. Rather than crash dieting to get back into shape, I created a guide to help decrease body fat without losing muscle or compromising performance and may cause injuries to ensue.

Performance

Running performance is based on a power to weight ratio. Increasing the amount of muscle and decreasing body fat enable an athlete to move faster through strides with less effort.

Oftentimes, athletes will cut calories and “diet” or utilize intermittent fasting in an effort to lower body fat and improve performance. However, these types of diets lead to depletion of glycogen and muscle mass. They are overly restrictive and the athlete often ends up regaining the weight, mostly as fat tissue which decreases performance.

The human body needs a combination of carbohydrates, fats and protein to perform at its best. I’ve compiled a list of tips below to help athletes lose fat in a healthy way without feeling deprived, compromise performance or lead to weight regain.

Carbohydrates

During a run, our bodies are using glycogen, a stored form of glucose, as the primary source of fuel. Easy and tempo runs (VO2max 50-80%) utilize a combination of fat and glucose for fuel. Harder track workouts (VO2max >80%) will use mostly glucose. Since our bodies are mostly using glucose for energy, replenishment after a run with carbohydrate-rich food is essential to improve training and overall fitness. Studies have shown that carbohydrates are the fastest source of energy to power a workout or run. Carbs convert into glucose at a faster rate than protein or fats and enable the athlete to run and continue running at a faster speed. Target about 5-8 grams of carbohydrates per kilogram of body weight per day (Burke).

Protein

Protein-rich foods are essential to help replenish amino acids used by muscles and repair muscle damage that occurs during eccentric exercises such as down hill running. If the diet is lacking in protein, muscle repair and growth will be negatively affected. Target 1.5-2.3 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day (Mettler).

Fat

Fat provides calories to support hormone production, which helps regulate many important functions in the body such as; menstruation, bone formation, or iron regulation. It’s important to get in enough healthy fat calories to keep you full and provide fat soluble vitamins. Aim for 20% of calories from fat per day.

To convert pounds to kilograms, divide by 2.2.

All of these nutrients are critical to achieving optimal performance so careful attention needs to be made especially during weight loss efforts. Several studies have shown that crash diets don’t work and can lead to muscle loss, slow metabolism, poor mood, and decreased performance. To decrease body fat in a healthy way, follow these tips:

Tips

Focus on timing of meals. Eat more food immediately before or after a run/workout and then prioritize eating a sensible meal when hungry with lots of fiber (brown rice, veggies, grilled chicken, turkey burger and salad).
Increase protein to stay full. Aim for 20-30 grams of protein per meal. Grilled chicken, sliced turkey, hard-boiled egg or edamame.
Cut back on added sugars from sweets or processed foods. Too much sugar can cause a sugar crash and leave you feeling lethargic and increase hunger.
Avoid getting too hungry, as this can lead to overeating.
Keep the refrigerator stocked with fruits, veggies, lean proteins like chicken, sliced turkey, low-fat cottage cheese, hummus, low-fat plain yogurt.
Snack on fruits, vegetables and small portions of nuts. Snack foods tend to be less nutritious and the calories can often add up to another meal. Add more food at meals to cut back on snacking. Use snacking as an opportunity to eat fruits + veggies. Veggies in dip such as hummus, peanut butter or tzatziki. Rice cake with peanut butter or yogurt with fruit.
Avoid weighing yourself daily. Your weight fluctuates daily from fluid shifts and seeing the scale increase and decrease can be discouraging.
Aim for at least 8 hours of sleep each night because sleep allows your stress and hunger hormones to reset. Hormones like ghrelin, insulin and cortisol increase during stress which affect metabolism. These hormones are responsible for increasing your appetite and storing fat and adequate rest will maintain an optimal balance.
Allow 10% of calories to be “fun foods” or less nutritious foods (approx 200-300 calories). If you include these foods in your diet, you are less likely to crave them.
You don’t need to clean your plate every time you eat. Restaurant portions are typically too large. Stop eating when you are full and save leftovers for later in the day or another meal.

Learn more about intuitive eating. This is a concept that focuses on hunger and satiety cues. Reconnect with how your body feels when you are hungry. Learning to slow down when eating by chewing slowly and taking breaks will help you recognize when you are full. These simple strategies will prevent overeating.

Sample meal plan

Breakfast

Pre workout

Oatmeal w/ banana + nuts or nut butter

Post workout

Chocolate milk, granola bar or green smoothie

Lunch

Rice bowl with grilled chicken and vegetables

Bowl of strawberries

PB&J with green smoothie – banana, ice, milk, peanut butter, and spinach

Snack

Plain low-fat yogurt with fruit

Dinner

Grilled chicken, salmon or turkey burger, baked potato, salad or steamed vegetables with olive oil and lemon

Dessert – blueberries or dark chocolate

Snack (optional)

Graham crackers and low-fat milk

References

Burke L. and Deakin V. (2015). Clinical Sports Nutrition (5th edition). North Ryde, N.S.W McGraw-Hill Education.

Close GL, Sale C, Baar K, Bermon S. Nutrition for the Prevention and Treatment of Injuries in Track and Field Athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2019 Mar 1;29(2):189-197.

Jeukendrup AE. Periodized Nutrition for Athletes. Sports Med. 2017 Mar;47(Suppl 1):51-63.

Mettler S, Mitchell N, Tipton KD. Increased protein intake reduces lean body mass loss during weight loss in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010 Feb;42(2):326-37.

Stellingwerff T, Maughan RJ, Burke LM. Nutrition for power sports: middle-distance running, track cycling, rowing, canoeing/kayaking, and swimming. J Sports Sci. 2011;29 Suppl 1:S79-89.

Thomas D, et al. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016 Mar;116(3):501-528.

Hydrating in heat and humidity

June 23, 2023August 19, 2021 by amystephens

Hydrating in heat and humidity

Water is the forgotten nutrient

Exercise produces heat and leaves the body as sweat to stay cool. Studies have repeatedly shown that losing more than 2% body weight impacts performance (James). More sweat is produced when the temperatures are higher or when humidity is high. Dehydration results in an increase in one’s core temperature, reduced cardiovascular function and imparied exercise performance.

Essentially, dehydration increases an athlete’s perceived effort and reduces the ability to continue exercising at a high level (Nybo). If you’re overheating, the body will prioritize cooling itself versus rapid energy production (James).

Role of sweat

During exercise, the body produces heat and energy. Sweat is the body’s built-in cooling system that enables the body to make more energy. In warmer temperatures, exercise raises core temperatures at a faster rate which require more water expelled through the skin to keep the body cool. As temperatures increase, our bodies respond by sweating more. However, humidity compounds this problem by preventing evaporation. In situations where humidity levels are high, as we experience on the east coast all summer long, there is more moisture in the air and the sweat does not evaporate. As a result, the body’s core temperature increases, making exercise seem harder.

Dehydration affects performance

Many studies have shown that a 2% loss in body weight will impair performance (Lewis). The body has to work harder to keep the heart pumping to produce energy and muscles firing. Not only does it feel harder when you are dehydrated, but your body is also producing energy at a slower rate.

As core temperatures increase, energy metabolism shifts from aerobic production to anaerobic and this causes a buildup of anaerobic by-products that stimulate fatigue. This process occurs at a faster rate in hot and humid conditions. Fuel source shifts from fatty acids to glucose and amino acids and creates more hydrogen and lactic acid (Burke 2015). The heart receives less blood and therefore, less oxygen is delivered to working muscles. This makes exercising even more difficult in warmer conditions. Muscles have a harder time contracting when they’re overheated and premature fatigue can set in (Nybo).

Cramping

If you lose too much water, the risk of cramping is increased. Humidity increases risk of dehydration which causes an imbalance of electrolytes, especially potassium, magnesium and sodium. These electrolytes are lost at high levels through the skin and have a significant impact on cramping (Jung).

Symptoms of dehydration

feeling thirsty
lightheaded
fatigue
dry mouth
urinating less often
infrequent, dark colored urine

Dietary recommendations in the heat

Fluid requirements are individualized. Establish your sweat rate by using a sweat test to better estimate the amount of sweat you lose in one hour of exercise. Once you know how much fluid your body loses, you can more precisely match your fluid requirements. Estimate fluid losses by using a sweat rate calculator to input your weight and fluids. Calories do not need to be increased when exercising in heat (Burke).

Start drinking fluids when you wake up. Have a glass of water before you drink coffee!
Before exercising, urine should be a pale yellow color.
Exercise in the beginning or end of the day when it’s cooler
Don’t chug water without electrolytes, this can lead to hyponatremia.
You will rehydrate faster when fluids contain electrolytes and carbohydrates. This helps stimulate thirst and retain fluids consumed (Baker & Jeukendrup 2014).

Hyponatremia is caused by drinking too much water and not enough electrolytes. Make sure to have salt or nuun tablets handy. Water follows electrolytes and when you sweat, you lose both!

The color of your urine is the best indicator of hydration. Aim for pale yellow, shade 1 or 2 on the chart is ideal. Clear urine can indicate fluid overload and hyponatremia. If your urine is dark yellow before a run, delay the start until you can drink more fluids.

References

Baker & Jeukendrup. Optimal composition of fluid replacement beverages. Comp Physiol. 2014;4:575-620.

Burke L. Nutritional needs for exercise in the heat. Comp Biochem Physiol Mol Integr Physiol. 2001; 128: 735-48.

Burke L. Clinical Sports Nutrition, 5th edition. 2015.

Cory M, et al. Resistance training in the heat improves strength in professional rugby athletes. Sci Med in Football. 2019;3:198–204.

James LJ, et al. Does Hypohydration Really Impair Endurance Performance? Methodological Considerations for Interpreting Hydration Research. Sports Med. 2019 Dec;49(Suppl 2):103-114.

Jung A, et al. Influence of Hydration and Electrolyte Supplementation on Incidence and Time to Onset of Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps. J Athl Train. 2005; 40: 71–75.

Lewis J, et al. Does Hypohydration Really Impair Endurance Performance? Methodological Considerations for Interpreting Hydration Research. Sports Med. 2019;49:103-114.

Nybo & Sawka. Performance in the heat physiological factors of importance for hyperthermia-induced fatigue. Compr Physiol 2014;4:657-89.

Lau W, et al. Effect of oral rehydration solution versus spring water intake during exercise in the heat on muscle cramp susceptibility of young men. J of the Intl Soc of Sp Nutr. 2021; 18 (1).

Amy Stephens