Winter Supplements for Runners

November 13, 2024 by Britt

Winter Supplements for Runners

Winter months bring unique nutritional needs for runners, including reduced sunlight exposure, which increases the need for Vitamin D. Meeting nutrition goals through food is ideal, but supplements can be helpful when dietary intake is insufficient. Below are recommended winter supplements and their top food sources. There are other supplements not mentioned that are supportive for performance, please refer to the post, best supplements for runners, for more information on performance. Runners following vegetarian or vegan diets may need to focus on nutrients like Vitamin D, calcium, B12, and zinc because plant-based foods do not contain these vitamins.

Enhance the effectiveness of supplements by ensuring you consume enough food to meet your energy needs. If your diet doesn’t support your current energy expenditure, supplements will be less effective. Athletes should aim for a balanced diet, with supplements serving as an addition to a healthy, well-rounded eating plan.

I had the opportunity to speak with a couple of elite runners about their supplement usage in the winter. Brendan Martin of Martin Physical Therapy who has a marathon PR of 2:15, follows a vegetarian diet and regularly takes vitamin B12 because he cannot obtain this nutrient from foods. Johannes Motschmann who recently placed 9th in the London marathon adds in Vitamin C and Zinc to support the immune system during high mileage weeks.

TIP: To build consistency, try taking supplements alongside daily routines, such as brushing your teeth.

Supplement Tip: Choose products that are third-party tested (e.g., by USP, NSF), which ensures they are free from harmful ingredients, though it does not guarantee the product’s effectiveness.

Vitamin D

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): 600 IU/day (may need more for athletes).

Function: Vitamin D is essential for bone health and aids in calcium absorption, which strengthens bones. It also helps regulate the immune response, reduce inflammation, and protect against respiratory infections—benefits especially important for athletes during winter when Vitamin D levels often decline. Its anti-inflammatory effects are particularly beneficial for athletes, especially those with a history of bone stress injuries.

Top Sources:

Sunlight: UV exposure helps activate Vitamin D in the skin.
Food:
- Cod liver oil (1 Tbsp): 1360 IU
- Salmon (sockeye, 3 oz cooked): 570 IU
- Mushrooms (½ cup raw): 366 IU
- Milk (2%, 1 cup): 120 IU
- Egg (1 large): 44 IU

Calcium

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA):

Ages 9-18: 1,200 mg/day.
Ages 19-50: 1,000 mg/day.
Athletes: 1,500 mg/day, especially if there is a history of bone stress injuries.

Function: Essential for bone health, muscle contraction, and nerve function. Vitamin D aids calcium absorption.

Top Sources:

Milk/yogurt (1 cup): 300-400 mg
Cheese (1 oz, especially Parmesan): ~200 mg
Cooked kale or collard greens (1 cup): 250 mg
Fortified orange juice (1 cup): 350 mg
Fortified soy milk or almond milk (1 cup): 300-400 mg
Tofu (½ cup): 350 mg
Dried figs (4-5): 135 mg

Note: Combining food and supplements may be necessary to meet daily targets. It’s important to note that the body can absorb only 500 mg calcium per meal. It’s best to spread calcium-rich foods throughout the day to maximize absorption.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Function: Helps reduce exercise-related inflammation by modulating cell membranes and immune responses. Fatty fish are the best sources, though supplements can help when dietary intake is low.

Recommended Intake: 1.1-1.6 grams/day (1,100-1,600 mg).

Top Sources:

Salmon, sardines, herring (3 oz): ~1200 mg
Ground flax, chia, or hemp seeds (1 Tbsp): ~2300 mg

Vitamin C

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): 75-90 mg/day.

Function: Boosts immunity, aids iron absorption, and is essential for collagen synthesis. Humans need to obtain Vitamin C from food.

Top Sources:

Strawberries (1 cup, halved): ~89 mg
Oranges (1 medium): ~70 mg
Pineapple/Mango/Cantaloupe (1 cup, cubed): ~65 mg
Red bell pepper (1 medium): ~152 mg
Broccoli (1 cup, cooked): ~102 mg
Kale (1 cup, raw): ~80 mg

Professional runner, Johannes Motschmann, who recently placed 9th at the London Marathon, adds in Vitamin C and Zinc to support the immune system during high mileage weeks.

Vitamin B12

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): 2.4 mcg/day.

Function: B12 is essential for the production of healthy red blood cells, proper nerve function, and energy metabolism. It also supports neurotransmitter production, playing a key role in mood regulation and cognitive health. Low B12 levels have been linked to memory problems, depression, and mental confusion. B12 is mainly found in animal products such as meat, fish, and dairy.

Top Sources:

Salmon (3 oz): ~4.9 mcg (200% DV)
Trout (3 oz): ~5.4 mcg (225% DV)
Tuna (3 oz): ~2.5 mcg (104% DV)
Beef (3 oz): 5.1 mcg (215% DV)
Fortified Breakfast Cereals (1 serving): ~0.6–6 mcg (25-250% DV, depending on fortification level)
Dairy Milk (1 cup): ~1.2 mcg (50% DV)
Yogurt (8 oz): ~1.1 mcg (46% DV)
Swiss Cheese (1 oz): ~0.9 mcg (38% DV)
Eggs (2 large): ~1.1 mcg (46% DV)
Nutritional yeast (1 Tbsp): 2.4 mcg

Professional runner Brendan Martin, with a marathon personal record of 2:15 follows a vegetarian diet and regularly supplements with Vitamin B12.

Hydration with electrolytes

Hydrating during winter is just as essential as in warmer months, even though we may feel less thirsty in cold weather. Here are some tips to help maintain good hydration in winter:

Drink Regularly: Thirst signals decrease in cold weather, so make it a habit to sip water consistently throughout the day. Aim for at least 8 cups (2 liters) daily, adjusting based on activity level and body size.
Warm Beverages: Warm drinks like herbal teas, hot water with lemon, or broth-based soups are great options for hydration when cold water doesn’t appeal. Avoid excessive caffeine and alcohol, as it can contribute to dehydration.
Hydrating Foods: Winter fruits and vegetables like oranges, grapefruit, apples, pears, cucumbers, and leafy greens have high water content, helping you stay hydrated while adding nutrients.
Electrolytes: After exercise or if you’re sweating (even in winter), replenish electrolytes with options like coconut water or a light sports drink. Salty snacks or electrolyte supplements can also help retain hydration when balanced with water intake.
Watch for Signs of Dehydration: Dry skin, fatigue, and dark urine can indicate dehydration. Aim for urine that is pale yellow in color, a good indicator of proper hydration.
Humidify Your Environment: Winter air, especially with indoor heating, can be very dry. Using a humidifier adds moisture to the air, helping you retain hydration naturally.

Optimizing Performance: Nutrition Strategies for a Soccer Game

September 23, 2024July 31, 2024 by Britt

Optimizing Performance: Nutrition Strategies for a Soccer Game

Soccer is an endurance sport that requires a steady supply of nutrients. Optimizing energy levels and performance involves special attention to fueling strategies before, during and after training and competing. In order to keep up with high energy and fluid requirements, special attention needs to focus on practices, games and tournaments. Stay ahead of your fueling by following these guidelines.

Pre-Game Nutrition (1-4 hours before the game):

Hydration: Start hydrating well in advance. Aim to drink water consistently throughout the day leading up to the game. Avoid excessive sugary drinks and caffeinated beverages.

3-4 hours before kick-off:

Meal: Consume a meal rich in carbohydrates about 3-4 hours before the game. This could include pasta, rice, bread, or potatoes. Carbohydrates are crucial for providing the energy needed during prolonged physical activity. Include a moderate amount of lean protein (e.g., chicken, fish, tofu, or peanut butter) in your pre-game meal to support muscle repair and maintenance. Keep fats moderate in your pre-game meal to avoid stomach discomfort. Opt for healthy fats like those found in nuts, seeds, or avocado.

1-2 hours before kick-off:

Snack (Optional): If your pre-game meal is more than 4 hours before the game, consider a small snack. A banana, pretzels, peanut butter on crackers, yogurt, or a granola bar can provide a quick energy boost.

Avoid Heavy or New Foods: Stick to foods you are familiar with and avoid heavy, greasy, or spicy meals that may cause digestive issues.

Photo credit Claudia Heitler

Hydration During the Game:

Water: Drink water regularly throughout the game. Small, frequent sips are better than drinking large amounts at once.

Electrolytes: If the game is intense or in hot weather, consider a sports drink that provides electrolytes to help maintain hydration and replace minerals lost through sweat.

Half-Time Nutrition:

Quick Carbs: Consume easily digestible carbohydrates during half-time to replenish glycogen stores and maintain energy levels. Some examples include:

Small banana
Apple slices
Orange slices
Apple squeeze packets
Dried fruit such as mango or raisins
Energy bar – Clif Zbar
Pretzels
Sports drink or coconut water

Foods to avoid at half time: protein bars, fatty foods (chips) or high-fiber foods can cause gastrointestinal issues because they take longer to leave the gut.

Post-Game Recovery:

Hydration: Continue to drink water to replace fluids lost during the game. Replace fluids by sipping water or sports drinks with your post-game meal.

Food: Within an hour of finishing the game, consume a meal or snack that combines carbohydrates and protein to support muscle recovery and glycogen replenishment. Examples include a turkey sandwich, yogurt with fruit, or a protein shake with fruit.

Travel tips:

Frequent travel can make it difficult to keep up with your fueling plan. Pay special attention to timing of meals and snacks to ensure plenty of time for digestion.

Eat meals 3-4 hours before kick off
Use insulated coolers to keep beverages cold
Pack extra snacks

○ Peanut butter and jelly sandwich

○ Trail mix with dried fruit

○ Rice cakes or pita chips and hummus

○ Fresh or dried fruit

○ Granola bar

○ Clif bar

○ Dry cereal

○ Pretzels

○ Peanut butter pretzels

○ Saltines

INJURY PREVENTION FOR MARATHON RUNNERS

July 21, 2024July 12, 2024 by Britt

Injury prevention for marathon runners

Brendan Martin discusses important tips to prevent injuries at the start of marathon training.

When Should You Use Electrolytes?

June 16, 2024June 11, 2024 by Britt

When Should You Use Electrolytes?

Athletes often lose a significant amount of sweat when working out, especially in the summer months. Because sweat contains electrolytes, it’s essential to replace them to maintain proper hydration and muscle function. This ensures you perform at your best and recover eectively.

What Are Electrolytes?

Electrolytes are essential minerals responsible for regulating bodily fluids, enabling muscle contractions, and assisting nerve function. They attract water and distribute it to areas in the body where it is required most. Furthermore, electrolytes play a crucial role in transmitting electrical signals that govern muscle movements, ensuring coordinated actions and proper heart function. Key electrolytes include:

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Magnesium
Calcium

How Are Electrolytes Lost?

Sweat consists of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium. When you exercise, get hot, or feel stressed, your body sweats to cool down, losing electrolytes in the process. Sodium and chloride are lost the most, which is why sweat tastes salty, but smaller amounts of potassium, magnesium, and calcium are also lost.

How Do I Know When To Replace Electrolytes?

The amount of electrolytes you lose depends on factors like exercise intensity and duration, the weather, and your individual sweat rate. Here are some signs that you might need to replace electrolytes:

● You’re a salty or heavy sweater

● You experience frequent cramping during and after exercise

● You have a low-salt diet

How Much Electrolytes Do I Really Need?

The amount of sodium loss from sweat varies from person to person. For exercises lasting more than an hour, it’s important to replace electrolytes. For shorter activities, replenishment isn’t usually necessary unless temperatures are very high and you’ve sweated excessively. A good starting point is to consume 300-500 mg of electrolytes for every hour of exercise.

On warm days, sip an electrolyte drink or consume a salty breakfast to prepare.

Gatorade makes a sweat patch that measures sweat loss to help you understand your electrolyte needs. You wear the patch while working out, and then after you’ve finished you can scan the patch within the Gatorade Gx app to find out what was lost and what needs to be replenished.

Can you over-do electrolytes?

Some signs and symptoms of too much electrolytes:

● Elevated heart rate

● Headache

● Breathing difficulties

● Nausea and vomiting

What Are the Best Ways to Get Electrolytes?

Here are some great options for replenishing electrolytes:

● Skratch Labs Hydration Sports Mix: Contains a substantial amount of electrolytes and 20 grams of carbohydrates for recovery.

● Gatorade Endurance Formula: Replenishes electrolytes and carbohydrate stores.

● Homemade: Add 1⁄4 teaspoon of salt to Gatorade for a fast and inexpensive way to replenish electrolytes.

● Nuun and LMNT: Reliable sources of electrolytes, but pair them with a carbohydrate-rich food or drink after a run as they contain only 2g of carbohydrates per serving.

● SaltStick Electrolyte pills & GU Electrolyte Capsules: Convenient option for replenishing sodium.

Typical Fueling Guideline for Endurance Races

● Sip water or an electrolyte beverage throughout the day.

● About an hour before the race, sip 10-20 oz of fluids.

● During an endurance event, consume 300 mg of electrolytes per hour and 4 – 7 oz fluid every 20 minutes. You might need more or less depending on the weather, exercise intensity, and body mass.

● After you’ve raced, replenish lost fluids by drinking 16-33 oz until your urine is pale yellow.

References

Armstrong LE. Rehydration during Endurance Exercise: Challenges, Research, Options, Methods. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):887. Published 2021 Mar 9. doi:10.3390/nu13030887

Sports and hydration for athletes: Q&A with a Dietitian. Johns Hopkins Medicine. October 30, 2023. Accessed June 5, 2024. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/nutrition-and-fitness/sports-and-hydration-fo r-athletes.

Orrù S, Imperlini E, Nigro E, et al. Role of Functional Beverages on Sport Performance and Recovery. Nutrients. 2018;10(10):1470. Published 2018 Oct 10. doi:10.3390/nu10101470

SEO J. The science of hydration: How electrolyte drinks enhance athletic performance and endurance. eLoad Sport Nutrition. February 21, 2024. Accessed June 5, 2024. https://eloadsportnutrition.com/the-science-of-hydration-how-electrolyte-drinks-enhance-athletic-performance -and-endurance/.

Shirres SM, Sawka MN. Fluid and electrolyte needs for training, competition, and recovery. J Sports Sci. 2011;29 Suppl 1:S39-S46. doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.614269

BEST SUPPLEMENTS FOR RUNNERS

June 11, 2024May 17, 2024 by Britt

Best supplements for runners

About the authors: Amy Stephens, RD CSSD is a sports dietitian that works with NYU XC team and Empire Elite professional running team.

Liam Dee is a local elite distance runner and running coach with NY Run Academy. Liam is based in Brooklyn, New York.

The Importance of Supplements

The use of supplements within the world of sports and fitness is relatively widespread, being a means of addressing the various metabolic and dietary requirements of individual athletes.

Supplementation of nutrients is not seen as a replacement or alternative to a complete and balanced diet. Further, the degree to which a supplement is effective is varying given the range of products available in today’s market. However, if an athlete is following a well-rounded diet, comprehensive studies have shown some supplements to stimulate modest improvements in sports performance, muscle strength and injury prevention.

It’s important to note that not all products marketed as supplements are safe and effective; some can be ineffective at best and harmful at worst. Athletes are tempted to use any product that can give them an edge, so it is incredibly important to consult a professional and conduct appropriate research.

We’ve included the supplements that are most commonly used by the NY Run Academy staff. With the exception of creatine, the staff regularly uses the supplements listed below.

Food first

Supplements are intended to supplement a healthy diet, not take the place of nutrients from food. Obtaining nutrients from food can offer other health benefits such as fiber, micronutrients and other phytochemicals, and helps regulate satiety. Supplements, unlike food, are absorbed directly into the bloodstream and bypass the gut. The gut is our natural defense that helps to excrete toxins. If this step is missed, concentrated amounts of the supplement are delivered directly to the bloodstream and broken down by the liver. The liver has a significant role breaking down other foods and medications and supplements can interfere with these other important processes.

Supplement safety

Unlike prescription medications, supplements are not regulated by a governing body. Third party testing ensures supplements contain what is listed on the label and do not contain harmful ingredients. However, they do NOT test the efficacy of the supplement. Look for these seals that indicate third party testing – NSF or USP.

This is especially important for athletes that are drug tested, such as collegiate, professional and Olympic-level athletes. A positive drug test can disqualify an athlete from competition and result in a suspension or ban in the sport. See below for more information on banned substances.

NCAA banned substance list

WADA anti-doping list

Strength supplements

Creatine is one of the most researched and effective dietary supplements to improve muscle strength (Antonio et al., 2021). Creatine works by increasing intramuscular creatine which is a necessary step for energy production. Supplementing creatine increases muscle contraction and exercise training capacity for repeated high-intensity exercise (e.g. team sports) as well as resistance or interval training. This leads to greater gains in lean mass and muscular strength (Burke et al., 2023). It has also shown positive effects on bone mineral strength compared to placebo.

Dosage: The most common form is creatine monohydrate.

Loading phase: 20 g (divided into four even doses) x 5-7 days Maintenance phase: 3-5 g /day for the supplementation period

*According to the American Pediatric Association (APA), creatine is not recommended for athletes <18 years old.

Food sources: milk, steak, tuna, salmon, cod, herring (best source of creatine).

Protein powders are a convenient way to obtain protein when food is not available. Protein is composed of amino acids that are important for the growth of muscle, ligaments, tendons and support for the immune system. Our bodies require 20 different amino acids, of which nine are essential and we need to obtain them from food.

Animal-based protein powders that are made from whey, casein, and egg whites contain all the essential and non-essential amino acids.

Plant-based proteins such as soy, hemp, rice, and pea are complete proteins and contain essential and non-essential amino acids. Other complete sources of plant proteins are edamame, tempeh, quinoa, or buckwheat.

Dosage for protein powders: Studies show that 20-40 grams of high quality protein every three-to-four hours will promote muscle growth (Morton, et al, 2020).

Collagen powder is a type of protein derived from bovine (cows and pigs) that contains all nine essential amino acids. Collagen supplementation, along with adequate Vitamin C, has shown to strengthen ligaments and tendons.

Food sources: bone broth, sardines, and organ meats.

Dosage: 15 grams of collagen supplement one hour before workout (Shaw, et al, 2017).

Performance Supplements

Iron is an important nutrient for endurance athletes because it carries oxygen to produce energy. Low levels of iron mean that fewer red blood cells are available to carry oxygen. Oxygen is essential to power muscles and to remove metabolic waste so the body can function at peak performance. Many studies have reported the prevalence of iron deficiency in endurance athletes to be as high as 50% in females and 30% in males (Koehler, 2012). During a training block, iron can drop 25-40%. Populations are at risk for low iron menstruating females, endurance athletes, altitude training at altitude, those who under fuel or have a low calorie intake (RED-S), and those following vegan or vegetarian diet, as well as anyone with a history of low iron stores.

Symptoms of iron deficiency include lightheadedness, fatigue, irritability, and difficulty finishing a workout.

Food sources: beef, chicken, fish, lentils, beans, and tofu.

Dosage: RDA for men and postmenopausal women is 8 mg/day. For all other women the recommendation is 18 mg/day. Speak with your healthcare provider about iron supplementation.

Vitamin B12 is an important nutrient for healthy nerve functioning, metabolism, and prevention of a type of anemia in red blood cells (pernicious anemia). Vegans and vegetarians are at the highest risk for low B12. Signs of deficiency include extreme tiredness, fatigue, weak muscles and low energy stores.

Dosage: RDA 2.4 mcg

Food sources: salmon, cod, milk, cheese, meat, eggs, fortified breakfast cereals and nutritional yeast (vegan diet).

Dietary nitrate improves oxygen uptake during prolonged exercise. The ingestion of dietary nitrates leads to a higher concentration of nitric oxide (NO) in the body. Once in the bloodstream, nitrates help to deliver oxygen faster, delay fatigue and improve performance. Beet juice contains a high amount of nitrates and works by increasing oxygen delivery to muscles.

Dosage: At least 400 mg nitrate for at least five days. This can be accomplished by using the supplement Beet It. Drink one bottle of Beet It daily leading up to a race, then two bottles on race day. If you take it sporadically or less than five consecutive days, beet juice won’t be as effective.

Food sources: spinach, beets (fresh, roasted or added to a smoothie), celery, lettuce, and watermelon.

Sodium Bicarbonate is typically used by sprinters and mid-distance athletes. Sodium bicarbonate acts as a buffer for lactic acid build-up from anaerobic bursts of exercise. During intense exercise, lactic acid is a byproduct of energy production. As lactic acid increases in the muscles, muscle fatigue and soreness tell our bodies to slow down. Sodium bicarbonate acts as a base and prevents a buildup of H+ (acidic), thus, raising the pH during high-intensity exercise. The most common side effects from supplementation are GI symptoms (i.e. nausea, vomiting, stomach cramping). If you’re able to tolerate it, sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) can be effective for shorter, high-intensity exercises lasting 1-10 minutes. Maurten brand has a product that seems to be better tolerated. Research is being conducted on efficacy for longer distances such as half and full marathon distances.

Dosage (three options):

Single acute sodium bicarbonate dose of 0.2–0.4 g/kg BM, consumed 60–150 min prior to exercise (Maurten product)
Split doses (ie, several smaller doses giving the same total intake) taken over a time period of 30–180 min
Serial loading with 3–4 smaller doses per day for 2–4 consecutive days prior to an event (Maughan, 2018)

Caffeine has been shown to boost sports performance by reducing perceived exertion (delay fatigue), increasing endorphin release, and mobilizing fat for energy and sparing glycogen. The ingestion of caffeine blocks adenosine reuptake and promotes calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum which can help with muscle contractions. Caffeine ingested before and during an endurance event improves overall endurance capacity. Too much caffeine can cause GI issues, jitteriness, shakiness and nervousness, all of which are harmful to sports performance.

Dosage: One hour before a workout or race, 3-6 mg/kg caffeine to improve performance. Most individuals can drink a tall Starbucks or two shots of espresso (100-300 mg caffeine). Performance benefits were not shown with caffeine doses 7 mg/kg or greater.

Notes: Due to variability in caffeine content in brewing, consider standardized caffeine supplements like RunGum that have 50 mg caffeine per piece. Caffeine is most effective if all caffeine is stopped a couple days prior to “washout” caffeine from the body.

Beta-alanine acts as a buffer during intense exercise. Beta-alanine fights muscle fatigue by increasing carnosine concentration in the muscle, which is needed for rapid muscle contractions. The most common side effect is tingling in lips and fingers, but not as common with sustained release (SR) dosing.

Dosage: 3-6 grams per day x 4-8 wks

Klean athlete brand SR

Supplements for Bone health

Vitamin D is an essential fat-soluble vitamin crucial for bone health and immune function because it regulates calcium absorption. When Vitamin D levels are low, the body does not absorb as much calcium. It’s common for athletes to have lower Vitamin D levels in the winter when there isn’t as much sun.

Dosage: RDA recommends adults >19 years 600 IU per day and adults >70 years 800 IU.

Food sources include: dairy (yogurt, cheese, milk), orange juice fortified with vitamin D, salmon and mushrooms. Sunlight activates natural vitamin D in our skin and accounts for most of the Vitamin D in our bodies.

Calcium, along with consuming a diet with adequate calories, carbohydrates, and eating an adequate amount of calcium is critical to bone development. Calcium plays a crucial role in hardening and strengthening bones. Requirements are higher for athletes to replace calcium lost in sweat.

Dosage: The RDA for ages 9-19 is 1,300 mg, 19-50 is 1,000 mg /day and 1,200 mg for individuals 50 years and older. Some data has shown that athletes consume 1,500 mg a day. A combination of supplement and food can achieve calcium targets.

Food sources: milk, yogurt, cheese, fortified orange juice, and tofu.

Magnesium is a nutrient that improves sleep and helps build strong bones. Magnesium functions as an electrolyte to maintain blood pressure. In addition, magnesium helps regulate blood sugar control and acts as a cofactor that helps many enzymatic reactions take place.

Dosage: RDA 320-420 mg/day

Food sources: Whole grains, spinach, nuts (almonds, cashews, peanuts), quinoa, avocado, dairy.

Several other supplements are important to consider, namely, a multivitamin, Vitamin C, and omega-3 fatty acids. These become particularly relevant when meeting nutritional needs solely through food proves challenging.

References

Antonio, J., D.G. Candow, S.C. Forbes, B. Gualano, A.R. Jagim, R.B. Kreider, E.S. Rawson, A.E. Smith-Ryan, T.A. VanDusseldorp, D.S. Willoughby, and T.N. Ziegenfuss (2021). Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: What does the scientific evidence really show? J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 18:1–17.

Burke, R., A. Piñero, M. Coleman, A. Mohan, M. Sapuppo, F. Augustin, A.A. Aragon, D.G. Candow, S.C. Forbes, P. Swinton, and B.J. Schoenfeld (2023). The effects of creatine supplementation combined with resistance training on regional measures of muscle hypertrophy: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Nutrients 15:2116.

Jones AM, Thompson C, Wylie LJ, Vanhatalo A. Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance. Annu Rev Nutr. 2018 Aug 21;38:303-328. doi: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-082117-051622. PMID: 30130468.

Kaviani, M., K. Shaw, and P. Chilibeck (2020). Benefits of creatine supplementation for vegetarians compared to omnivorous athletes: A systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17:3041.

Koehler K, Braun H, Achtzehn S, Hildebrand U, Predel H-G, Mester J, Schänzer W (2012) Iron status in elite young athletes: gender- dependent influences of diet and exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 112(2):513–523.

Maughan, R. J., Burke, L. M., Dvorak, J., Larson-Meyer, D. E., Peeling, P., et al. (2018). IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-Performance Athlete, International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(2), 104-125.

Morton RW, Murphy KT, McKellar SR, Schoenfeld BJ, Henselmans M, Helms E, Aragon AA, Devries MC, Banfield L, Krieger JW, Phillips SM. A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. Br J Sports Med. 2018 Mar;52(6):376-384. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608. Epub 2017 Jul 11. Erratum in: Br J Sports Med. 2020 Oct;54(19):e7. PMID: 28698222; PMCID: PMC5867436.

Shaw G, Lee-Barthel A, Ross ML, Wang B, Baar K. Vitamin C-enriched gelatin supplementation before intermittent activity augments collagen synthesis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 Jan;105(1):136-143. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.138594. Epub 2016 Nov 16. PMID: 27852613; PMCID: PMC5183725.

Stellingwerff, T., Bovim, I. M., & Whitfield, J. (2019). Contemporary Nutrition Interventions to Optimize Performance in Middle-Distance Runners, International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 29(2), 106-116.

Wylie, L., Bailey, S., Kelly, J., Blackwell, J., Vanhatalo, A., Jones, A., Wylie, L. J., Bailey, S. J., Blackwell, J. R., & Jones, A. M. (2016). Influence of beetroot juice supplementation on intermittent exercise performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 116(2), 415–425.

Wyss, M., and R. Kaddurah-Daouk (2000). Creatine and creatinine metabolism. Physiol. Rev. 80:1107–1213.

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Best Protein Bars, according to a Sports Dietitian

April 7, 2024April 1, 2024 by Britt

Best Protein Bars,
according to a Sports Dietitian

Protein bars can be a convenient and portable option for adults and teens looking to supplement their protein intake, especially for those who are active in sports or physical activities. It’s important to remember that food is always the best option and protein bars are useful when food is not available. When choosing protein bars, it’s essential to consider factors such as the ingredients, nutritional content, and taste. Here are some tips for selecting the protein bars:

Look for Whole Food Ingredients: Choose protein bars with a short and recognizable list of ingredients. Opt for bars that contain whole food ingredients such as nuts, dates, egg whites, or honey.

Incorporate Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates play a crucial role in recovery alongside protein. They aid in replenishing glycogen stores, allowing protein from food and bars to be utilized for muscle building. If your protein bar has a low carbohydrate content (<15 grams), consider supplementing with a fruit or another form of carbohydrate to ensure you meet your nutritional requirements.

Consider Protein Content: Choose protein bars that provide a moderate amount of protein per serving, typically ranging from 10 to 20 grams. This amount of protein can help support muscle repair and growth, especially for active teens engaged in strength training or sports. The best sources of protein that contain all essential amino acids are from whey, casein, egg whites, or soy.

Pay attention to the Sugar Content: Select bars sweetened with natural sources of sugar like cane sugar, honey, agave, or from real fruit like dates.

Check the Fiber Content: Fiber in protein bars can help promote satiety, support digestive health, and regulate blood sugar levels. However, too much fiber can lead to bloating and gastrointestinal discomfort which can negatively affect performance for an athlete. Aim for bars with about 3-5 grams of fiber per serving.

Consider Dietary Restrictions: Take into account any dietary restrictions or preferences you may have, such as allergies, intolerances, or dietary preferences (e.g., lactose intolerant, vegetarian or vegan). Choose protein bars that align with your specific dietary needs.

Consider Taste and Texture: Sample different protein bars to find options that you enjoy both in terms of taste and texture. Choosing bars with flavors and textures that are appealing can increase the likelihood that you will incorporate them into their diet.

Best time to eat a protein bar

The best time to eat a protein bar is following a strenuous workout or as a snack paired with a carbohydrate.

Post-Workout: Consuming a protein bar within 30-60 minutes after a workout can help kickstart the recovery process by providing your muscles with the necessary amino acids to repair and rebuild. Pairing the protein bar with carbohydrates can also help replenish glycogen stores and support muscle recovery.
On-the-Go Snack: Protein bars are ideal for on-the-go snacking when you don’t have access to a full meal or when you need a quick and convenient source of nutrition. They can be kept in your bag, car, or desk drawer when you feel hungry.

Here are a few of my favorite options

RX Bar – 220 calories, 23g carbohydrates, 12g protein, 4g fiber

GoMacro Bar – 270 calories, 39g carbohydrates, 12g protein, 3g fiber

Rise – 280 calories, 20g carbohydrate, 20g protein, 4g fiber

Perfect bar – 340 calories, 27g carbohydrate, 17g protein, 3g fiber

Aloha bar, 220 calories, 26g carbohydrates, 14g protein, 10g fiber*

*contains a significant amount of fiber

UNDERSTANDING EATING DISORDERS: INSIGHTS FOR COACHES, FAMILIES AND FRIENDS

January 28, 2024 by Britt

Understanding Eating Disorders:
Insights for Coaches, Families and Friends

Eating disorders are complex conditions influenced by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, psychological, and sociocultural factors. It’s important to note that these factors interact in complex ways, and not everyone with risk factors will develop an eating disorder. Additionally, eating disorders can affect individuals of any age, gender, socioeconomic status, or cultural background. An eating disorder is not visibly apparent. An individual may appear healthy but may be struggling. It’s important to note that eating disorders are a mental illness.

Addressing eating disorders early can improve the likelihood that individuals will be able to pursue their academic career and physical goals. A comprehensive approach to treatment that addresses physical, emotional, and psychological aspects is crucial for recovery

Prevalence

Among the general population, an estimated 9% of the U.S. population, or 28.8 million Americans, will have an eating disorder in their lifetime (Deloitte, 2020).

95% of people with an eating disorder are between the ages 12-25 years old (Bratland-Sanda, 2013).

Eating disorders are a mental illness with the highest death rate, higher than depression, bipolar or schizophrenia (Arcelus, 2011).

Among athletes, eating disorders may be particularly hard to detect due in part to secretiveness, stigma, and symptom presentation (Eichstadt, 2020).

Athletes may be less likely to seek treatment for an eating disorder due to stigma, accessibility, and sport‐specific barriers (Flatt, 2021).

13.5% of athletes have a diagnosable eating disorder (Goch, 2013).

Up to 47% of female athletes, versus 19% of male athletes have an eating disorder (Brantland-Sanda, 2013).

Causes

There is no single cause for eating disorders, but several factors may contribute to their development:

Genetic Factors:

Research suggests a genetic predisposition to eating disorders. Individuals with a family history of eating disorders may be more susceptible.

Biological Factors:

Abnormalities in brain chemistry and neurotransmitter imbalances, such as serotonin and dopamine may play a role in the development of eating disorders.

Psychological Factors:

Personality traits, such as perfectionism, low self-esteem, and high levels of anxiety or depression, are associated with an increased risk of developing eating disorders.

Environmental Factors:

Societal pressures, cultural ideals of beauty, and exposure to thinness-promoting media can contribute to body image dissatisfaction, leading to disordered eating behaviors.

Traumatic Experiences:

Traumatic events, such as childhood abuse, bullying, or other significant life stressors, may contribute to the development of eating disorders as a coping mechanism.

Dieting and Weight Concerns:

Strict dieting or extreme focus on weight loss can trigger disordered eating behaviors. Dieting may disrupt normal eating patterns and lead to the development of unhealthy relationships with food.

Athletics and Performance Pressure:

Athletes, especially those in sports that emphasize leanness or specific body types, may be at increased risk. The pressure to perform and meet certain body standards can contribute to the development of eating disorders.

Family Dynamics:

Family factors, such as dysfunctional family relationships, communication problems, or a history of parental eating disorders, can contribute to the development of disordered eating patterns.

Social Influences:

Peer pressure and the desire to fit in with a particular group may contribute to the adoption of unhealthy eating habits.

Signs and symptoms

Recognizing if someone has an eating disorder can be challenging, as individuals with these disorders often try to conceal their behaviors. However, there are signs and behaviors that may indicate the presence of an eating disorder. It’s essential to approach the situation with empathy and sensitivity, avoiding judgment. Here are some common signs that someone may have an eating disorder:

Changes in Eating Habits:

- Frequent dieting or a sudden switch to restrictive eating patterns.
- Excessive focus on calories, fat content, or specific food groups.
- Eating alone or avoiding meals altogether.
- Consuming an inadequate amount of food before or after a workout.
- Denying or minimizing behaviors related to food, body image or weight.
- Evidence of binge eating, like finding large amounts of food wrappers.

Physical Signs and Symptoms:

- - Significant weight loss or fluctuations in weight.
  - Noticeable changes in appearance, such as a pale complexion or brittle nails.
  - Fatigue, weakness, or dizziness.
  - Frequent fluctuations in energy levels.
  - Evidence of self-induced vomiting, laxative use, or excessive exercise.

Emotional and Behavioral Changes:

- Preoccupation with body image, weight, or food.
- Avoidance of social events that involve food.
- Anxiety or distress around mealtime.
- Frequent comments about feeling fat or expressing dissatisfaction with one’s body.

Social Withdrawal:

- Isolation from friends and social activities.
- Desire to be alone.
- Changes in relationships, especially if they involve food-related activities.

Mood Changes:

- Increased irritability, mood swings, or signs of depression.
- Emotional distress before, during, or after eating.

Denial of the Problem:

- Dismissing concerns about weight loss or changes in eating habits.

Physical Health Issues:

- Menstrual irregularities or the absence of menstrual periods in females.
- Digestive problems, such as constipation or bloating.
- Frequent complaints of feeling cold or wearing layered clothing to hide weight loss.

The presence of one or more of these signs does not necessarily confirm an eating disorder. However, if you notice several of these behaviors persisting over time, it may be an indication that further evaluation is needed.

How to help

Early intervention has been shown to improve outcomes. Treatment provides an opportunity for individuals to learn and adopt healthy eating habits, coping mechanisms, and stress management skills. If you suspect an individual has an eating disorder, express your concern in a nonjudgmental and caring manner. Encourage them to seek help from a healthcare professional, therapist, or dietitian who specializes in eating disorders. Remember that though eating disorders share commonalities, everyone is unique. You might need to bring up this issue several times before the person is willing to seek help.

References

Arcelus J, Mitchell AJ, Wales J, Nielsen S. Mortality Rates in Patients With Anorexia Nervosa and Other Eating Disorders: A Meta-analysis of 36 Studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(7):724–731. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74

Bratland-Sanda S, Sundgot-Borgen J. Eating disorders in athletes: overview of prevalence, risk factors and recommendations for prevention and treatment. Eur J Sport Sci. 2013;13(5):499-508. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2012.740504. Epub 2012 Nov 13. PMID: 24050467.

Deloitte Access Economics. The Social and Economic Cost of Eating Disorders in the United States of America: A Report for the Strategic Training Initiative for the Prevention of Eating Disorders and the Academy for Eating Disorders.June 2020. Available at: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/striped/report-economic-costs-of-eating-disorders/.

Eichstadt, M., Luzier, J., Cho, D., & Weisenmuller, C. (2020). Eating disorders in male athletes. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 12(4), 327–333. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738120928991

Flatt, R., Thornton, L., Fitzsimmons‐Craft, E., Balantekin, K., Smolar, L., Mysko, C., Wilfley, D. E., Taylor, C. B., DeFreese, J. D., Bardone‐Cone, A. M., & Bulik, C. M. (2021). Comparing eating disorder characteristics and treatment in self‐identified competitive athletes and non‐athletes from the National Eating Disorders Association Online Screening Tool. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 54(3), 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23415

Ghoch M, et al. Eating disorders, physical fitness and sport performance: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2013 Dec 16;5(12):5140-60. doi: 10.3390/nu5125140. PMID: 24352092; PMCID: PMC3875919.

Paul A. Krebs, Christopher R. Dennison, Lisa Kellar, Jeff Lucas, “Gender Differences in Eating Disorder Risk among NCAA Division I Cross Country and Track Student-Athletes”, Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 2019, Article ID 5035871, 5 pages, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5035871

Amy Stephens